In all trials a significant reduction of viral load of different respiratory viruses has been demonstrated in the iota-carrageenan treatment group compared to placebo thereby convincingly bridging in vitro neutralization data and effectiveness against a respiratory infection of humans. The efficacy and safety of an iota-carrageenan containing nasal spray have been studied in more than 600 children and adults suffering from early symptoms of common cold. The transferability of these in vitro data into clinical effectiveness was evaluated in four clinical trials. The antiviral activity of iota-carrageenan has been demonstrated in vitro against a variety of respiratory viruses. The lack of any pharmacological, immunological, or toxicological activity of large polyanionic molecules such as iota-carrageenan and their lack of absorption or metabolism makes them a safe topical antiviral treatment. The activity of carrageenan is based on its ability to neutralize virus particles when they first enter the nasal cavity, and also when newly synthesized virus particles are released from infected cells. #IOTA CARRAGEENAN NASAL SPRAY SERIES#This current knowledge is backed by a series of experiments showing that direct interaction between virus and Carrageenan is needed to efficiently inhibit infection of cells (Grassauer et al, 2008, Leibbrandt et al. Polyanionic molecules such as iota-carrageenan may present a way of trapping the viruses as they move towards the surface of the cell. It is hypothesized that the viruses utilize their positive electrical charge to reach the negatively charged cell surface. This unspecific interaction increases the local concentration of viral particles leading to higher infection rates.Īll respiratory viruses have in common that they must pass through the physical barrier of mucus and respiratory fluid to reach the cell surface. In addition to this rather specific mechanism, many viruses (including some betacoronaviruses) use cellular polysaccharides as cellular attachment co-receptors, allowing the virus to adhere to the surface of the cell. Upon binding to hACE2 the protease TMPRSS2 modifies SGP, thus allowing envelope fusion and viral entry. Although the sequence of the spike glycoprotein (SGP) of SARS-CoV-2 is significantly different compared to the SGP of SARS-CoV-1, both bind to the same receptor, human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2). SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus closely related to SARS-CoV-1. The spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) around the world has created a pandemic situation regarded as a significant public health threat. Accordingly, our in vitro data on SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus and replication competent SARS-CoV-2 suggest that administration of iota-carrageenan may be an effective and safe prophylaxis or treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infections. In vitro data on iota-carrageenan against various Rhino- and endemic Coronaviruses showed similar IC 50 values and translated readily into clinical effectiveness when a nasal spray containing iota-carrageenan demonstrated a reduction of severity and duration of symptoms of common cold caused by various respiratory viruses. Experiments with patient isolated wild type SARS-CoV-2 virus showed an inhibition of replication in a similar range. SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus particles were efficiently neutralized with an IC 50 value of 2.6 μg/ml iota-carrageenan. Here, we show that iota-carrageenan can inhibit the cell entry of the SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus in a dose dependent manner. Attachment and entry of coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 is mainly mediated by the spike glycoprotein. In the absence of a vaccine and other effective prophylactic or therapeutic countermeasures the severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant public health threat. Martina Morokutti-Kurz, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1 Maria Fröba, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing, 2 Philipp Graf, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, 1 Maximilian Große, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing – review & editing, 2 Andreas Grassauer, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Resources, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 1 Janina Auth, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, 2 Ulrich Schubert, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Resources, Supervision, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing, 2 and Eva Prieschl-Grassauer, Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing 1, *
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